Introduction to Jakarta Bean Validation
This chapter describes Jakarta Bean Validation available as part of the Jakarta EE platform and the facility for validating objects, object members, methods, and constructors.
Overview of Jakarta Bean Validation
Validating input received from the user to maintain data integrity is an important part of application logic. Validation of data can take place at different layers in even the simplest of applications, as shown in Developing a Simple Facelets Application: The guessnumber-jsf Example Application.
The guessnumber-jsf
example application validates the user input (in the h:inputText
tag) for numerical data at the presentation layer and for a valid range of numbers at the business layer.
Jakarta Bean Validation provides a facility for validating objects, object members, methods, and constructors. In Jakarta EE environments, Jakarta Bean Validation integrates with Jakarta EE containers and services to allow developers to easily define and enforce validation constraints. Jakarta Bean Validation is available as part of the Jakarta EE platform.
Using Jakarta Bean Validation Constraints
The Jakarta Bean Validation model is supported by constraints in the form of annotations placed on a field, method, or class of a JavaBeans component, such as a managed bean.
Constraints can be built in or user defined.
User-defined constraints are called custom constraints.
Several built-in constraints are available in the jakarta.validation.constraints
package.
Built-In Jakarta Bean Validation Constraints lists all the built-in constraints.
See Creating Custom Constraints for information on creating custom constraints.
Constraint | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
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The value of the field or property must be |
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The value of the field or property must be |
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The value of the field or property must be a decimal value lower than or equal to the number in the value element. |
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The value of the field or property must be a decimal value greater than or equal to the number in the value element. |
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The value of the field or property must be a number within a specified range.
The |
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The value of the field or property must be a valid email address. |
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The value of the field or property must be a date in the future. |
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TThe value of the field or property must be a date or time in present or future. |
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The value of the field or property must be an integer value lower than or equal to the number in the value element. |
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The value of the field or property must be an integer value greater than or equal to the number in the value element. |
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The value of the field or property must be a negative number. |
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The value of the field or property must be negative or zero. |
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The value of the field or property must contain atleast one non-white space character. |
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The value of the field or property must not be empty. The length of the characters or array, and the size of a collection or map are evaluated. |
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The value of the field or property must not be null. |
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The value of the field or property must be null. |
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The value of the field or property must be a date in the past. |
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The value of the field or property must be a date or time in the past or present. |
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The value of the field or property must match the regular expression defined in the |
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The value of the field or property must be a positive number. |
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The value of the field or property must be a positive number or zero. |
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The size of the field or property is evaluated and must match the specified boundaries.
If the field or property is a |
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In the following example, a constraint is placed on a field using the built-in @NotNull
constraint:
public class Name {
@NotNull
private String firstname;
@NotNull
private String lastname;
...
}
You can also place more than one constraint on a single JavaBeans component object.
For example, you can place an additional constraint for size of field on the firstname
and the lastname
fields:
public class Name {
@NotNull
@Size(min=1, max=16)
private String firstname;
@NotNull
@Size(min=1, max=16)
private String lastname;
...
}
The following example shows a method with a user-defined constraint that checks user-defined constraint that checks for a predefined phone number pattern, such as a country specific phone number:
@USPhoneNumber
public String getPhone() {
return phone;
}
For a built-in constraint, a default implementation is available.
A user-defined or custom constraint needs a validation implementation.
In the preceding example, the @USPhoneNumber
custom constraint needs an implementation class.
Repeating Annotations
From Bean Validation 2.0 onwards, you can specify the same constraint several times on a validation target using repeating annotation:
public class Account {
@Max (value = 2000, groups = Default.class, message = "max.value")
@Max (value = 5000, groups = GoldCustomer.class, message = "max.value")
private long withdrawalAmount;
}
All in-built constraints from jakarta.validation.constraints
package support repeatable annotations.
Similarly, custom constraints can use @Repeatable
annotation.
In the following sample, depending on whether the group is PeakHour
or NonPeakHour
, the car instance is validated as either two passengers or three passengers based car, and then listed as eligible in the car pool lane:
/**
* Validate whether a car is eligible for car pool lane
*/
@Documented
@Constraint(validatedBy = CarPoolValidator.class)
@Target({ METHOD, FIELD, ANNOTATION_TYPE, CONSTRUCTOR, PARAMETER, TYPE_USE })
@Retention(RUNTIME)
@Repeatable(List.class)
public @interface CarPool {
String message() default "{CarPool.message}";
Class<?>[] groups() default {};
int value();
Class<? extends Payload>[] payload() default {};
/**
* Defines several @CarPool annotations on the same element
* @see (@link CarPool}
*/
@Target({ METHOD, FIELD, ANNOTATION_TYPE, CONSTRUCTOR, PARAMETER, TYPE_USE })
@Retention(RUNTIME)
@Documented
@interface List {
CarPool[] value();
}
}
public class Car{
private String registrationNumber;
@CarPool(value = 2, group = NonPeakHour.class)
@CarPool(value = 3, group = {Default.class, PeakHour.class})
private int totalPassengers;
}
Any validation failures are gracefully handled and can be displayed by the h:messages
tag.
Any managed bean that contains Bean Validation annotations automatically gets validation constraints placed on the fields on a Jakarta Faces application’s web pages.
For more information on using validation constraints, see the following:
Validating Null and Empty Strings
The Java programming language distinguishes between null and empty strings. An empty string is a string instance of zero length, whereas a null string has no value at all.
An empty string is represented as ""
.
It is a character sequence of zero characters.
A null string is represented by null
.
It can be described as the absence of a string instance.
Managed bean elements represented as a Jakarta Faces text component such as inputText
are initialized with the value of the empty string by the Jakarta Faces implementation.
Validating these strings can be an issue when user input for such fields is not required.
Consider the following example, in which the string testString
is a bean variable that will be set using input entered by the user.
In this case, the user input for the field is not required.
if (testString==null) {
doSomething();
} else {
doAnotherThing();
}
By default, the doAnotherThing
method is called even when the user enters no data, because the testString
element has been initialized with the value of an empty string.
In order for the Bean Validation model to work as intended, you must set the context parameter jakarta.faces.INTERPRET_EMPTY_STRING_SUBMITTED_VALUES_AS_NULL
to true
in the web deployment descriptor file, web.xml
:
<context-param>
<param-name>jakarta.faces.INTERPRET_EMPTY_STRING_SUBMITTED_VALUES_AS_NULL</param-name>
<param-value>true</param-value>
</context-param>
This parameter enables the Jakarta Faces implementation to treat empty strings as null.
Suppose, on the other hand, that you have a @NotNull
constraint on an element, meaning that input is required.
In this case, an empty string will pass this validation constraint.
However, if you set the context parameter jakarta.faces.INTERPRET_EMPTY_STRING_SUBMITTED_VALUES_AS_NULL
to true
, the value of the managed bean attribute is passed to the Jakarta Bean Validation runtime as a null value, causing the @NotNull
constraint to fail.
Validating Constructors and Methods
Jakarta Bean Validation constraints may be placed on the parameters of nonstatic methods and constructors and on the return values of nonstatic methods. Static methods and constructors will not be validated.
public class Employee {
...
public Employee (@NotNull String name) { ... }
public void setSalary(
@NotNull
@Digits(integer=6, fraction=2) BigDecimal salary,
@NotNull
@ValidCurrency
String currencyType) {
...
}
...
}
In this example, the Employee
class has a constructor constraint requiring a name and has two sets of method parameter constraints.
The amount of the salary for the employee must not be null, cannot be greater than six digits to the left of the decimal point, and cannot have more than two digits to the right of the decimal place.
The currency type must not be null and is validated using a custom constraint.
If you add method constraints to classes in an object hierarchy, special care must be taken to avoid unintended behavior by subtypes. See Using Method Constraints in Type Hierarchies for more information.
Cross-Parameter Constraints
Constraints that apply to multiple parameters are called cross-parameter constraints, and may be applied at the method or constructor level.
@ConsistentPhoneParameters
@NotNull
public Employee (String name, String officePhone, String mobilePhone) {
...
}
In this example, a custom cross-parameter constraint, @ConsistentPhoneParameters
, validates that the format of the phone numbers passed into the constructor match.
The @NotNull
constraint applies to all the parameters in the constructor.
Cross-parameter constraint annotations are applied directly to the method or constructor.
Return value constraints are also applied directly to the method or constructor.
To avoid confusion as to where the constraint applies, parameter or return value, choose a name for any custom constraints that identifies where the constraint applies.
For instance, the preceding example applies a custom constraint, When you create a custom constraint that applies to both method parameters and return values, the |
Validating Type Arguments of Parameterized Types
From Bean Validation 2.0 onwards, you can apply constraints to the type arguments of parameterized types.
For example: List<@NotNull Long> numbers;
Constraints can be applied to elements of container types such as List
, Map
, Optional
, and others.
List<@Email String> emails;
public Map<@NotNull String, @USPhoneNumber String> getAddressesByType() { }
In this sample, @Email
is an in-built constraint supported by Bean Validation, and @USPhoneNumber
is a user-defined constraint.
See Using the Built-In Constraints to Make a New Constraint.
@USPhoneNumber
has ElementType.TYPE_USE
as one of its @Target
, and therefore it is possible to use @USPhoneNumber
constraint for validating type arguments of parameterized types.
Identifying Parameter Constraint Violations
If a ConstraintViolationException
occurs during a method call, the Bean Validation runtime returns a parameter index to identify which parameter caused the constraint violation.
The parameter index is in the form argPARAMETER_INDEX
, where PARAMETER_INDEX is an integer that starts at 0 for the first parameter of the method or constructor.
Adding Constraints to Method Return Values
To validate the return value for a method, you can apply constraints directly to the method or constructor declaration.
@NotNull
public Employee getEmployee() { ... }
Cross-parameter constraints are also applied at the method level.
Custom constraints that could be applied to both the return value and the method parameters have an ambiguous constraint target.
To avoid this ambiguity, add a validationAppliesTo
element to the constraint annotation definition with the default set to either ConstraintTarget.RETURN_VALUE
or ConstraintTarget.PARAMETERS
to explicitly set the target of the validation constraint.
@Manager(validationAppliesTo=ConstraintTarget.RETURN_VALUE)
public Employee getManager(Employee employee) { ... }
See Removing Ambiguity in Constraint Targets for more information.
Further Information about Jakarta Bean Validation
For more information on Jakarta Bean Validation, see
-
Jakarta Bean Validation 3.0 Specification:
https://jakarta.ee/specifications/bean-validation/3.0/ -
Bean Validation Specification website:
https://beanvalidation.org/